Antioxidant action and enzyme activity modulation by bioaccessible polyphenols from jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels).

Jambolan is rich in antioxidant polyphenols; however, the bioactivity of these compounds remains poorly investigated. We compared changes in polyphenols and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and FRAP assays of jambolan pulp during in vitro digestion and chemical extraction and evaluated the effects of these changes on oxidative stress in wild and mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Digestion and chemical extraction were performed with enzyme saline solutions, deionized water, and 50% (v/v) aqueous acetone solution. Caffeic, quinic, gallic, and ellagic acids, isomers of myricetin, catechin, and anthocyanins are bioaccessible during gastric digestion. In the duodenum, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins remained stable when the pH changed from acidic to neutral/alkaline, whereas anthocyanins were degraded when exposed to pH 7. In the colon, anthocyanins were not identified. The antioxidant activity of bioaccessible fractions is correlated with non-anthocyanin flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, reflected in the modulation of antioxidant enzymes of S. cerevisiae. The digestion process favors the release of bio-polyphenols from jambolan with preventive, scavenger, and reparative antioxidant action. They also stimulate the production and activity of Sod and Cat, strengthening the endogenous antioxidant system.

Bioacessibility of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in organic peppermint leaves

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds as well as their antioxidant capabilities of organic peppermint leaves after each phase of simulated digestion. Moisture was determined until a constant weight was obtained in an oven at 105 °C; ash was determined after sample calcination in a muffle furnace at 550 °C. The protein concentration was determined by the Macro-Kjeldahl method and lipid content by hot-extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. Carbohydrates were calculated from differences and energy values based on the Atwater conversion factors. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometry. A four-step procedure was used for in vitro digestion. Organic peppermint was found to contain the following: 78% moisture, 1.7% ash, 1.5% lipids, 0.3% proteins, 17.7% carbohydrates, and a total of 85.5 kcal/100 g. Values of 705 mg GAE/100 g of phenolic, 918 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids, and 58.8 mg/g of vitamin C were also measured. It was discovered that total phenolics had the highest bioaccessible fraction relative to flavonoids; the salivary phase was identified as that with the highest release of these compounds and thus the phase in which peppermint showed significant antioxidant activity (1509 μmol TEAC/100g). This study demonstrated that organic peppermint has a high content of phenolic compounds that can be extracted from the alimentary matrix in the salivary and intestinal phases of the digestive system. Because of the antioxidant activity of these compounds, the use of this aromatic plant as seasonings and spices is relevant.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la composición química de hojas de menta orgánica y la bioaccesibilidad de los compuestos fenólicos así como su capacidad antioxidante. Se determinó la humedad hasta obtener un peso constante en el horno a 105 °C, la ceniza se determinó en un horno de mufla a 550 °C. La concentración de proteína se determinó mediante el método Macro-Kjeldahl y los lípidos mediante extracción en un aparato Soxhlet. Los carbohidratos se calcularon por diferencia y energía basadas en los factores de conversión de Atwater. El contenido fenólico y la actividad antioxidante se determinaron por espectrofotometría. Se usó un procedimiento de cuatro pasos para la digestión in vitro. La menta orgánica contiene 78% de humedad, 1,7% de cenizas, 1,5% de lípidos, 0,3% de proteínas, 17,7% de carbohidratos y 85,5 kcal/100 g. También se midieron valores de 705 mg GAE/100g de fenólico, 918 mg QE/100 g de flavonoides y 58,8 mg/g de vitamina C. Se descubrió que los fenólicos tenían la fracción bioaccesible más alta en relación con los flavonoides; la fase salival se identificó como aquella con la mayor liberación de estos compuestos y, por lo tanto, la menta mostró una actividad antioxidante significativa (1509 μmol de TEAC/100 g). La menta orgánica tiene un alto contenido de fenólicos que se pueden extraer en las fases salival e intestinal. Debido a la actividad antioxidante de estos compuestos, el uso de esta planta como condimentos y especias es relevante.

[School meals and family farming: analysis of funds spent in food purchases]. / Alimentação escolar e agricultura familiar: análise de recursos empregados na compra de alimentos.

The study aimed to verify the adequacy of funds for food purchases from family farming in the scope of the National School Food Program (PNAE) in Brazil's state capitals and the Federal District. This was a descriptive study based on secondary data obtained from the webpage of the National Fund for the Development of Education (FNDE) in the link dedicated to information on family farming. We analyzed the amounts transferred to the FNDE and the percentage used in purchasing foods from family farmers for school meals in the state capitals and Federal District from 2011 to 2017. Data were collected in May 2019. One-third of the 27 cities (33.3%) reported purchases above the minimum recommended level (30%). The North of Brazil complied with the recommended level (39.4%), while the Southeast reported the lowest level (6.4%). There was an increase from 2011 to 2017 in the total amounts invested and in the number of cities that purchased foods from family farming. Boa Vista (Roraima) was the capital that spent the largest share of its school meal funds on foods produced by family farmers (56.6%). In 2017, the local governments in Boa Vista and Aracaju (Sergipe) offered matching funds for the funds transferred from the FNDE for these food purchases. In conclusion, from 2011 to 2017, only one-third of the capital cities adequately used the percentage of funds for purchasing foods from family farming, although there was a gradual increase in the purchase of these foods, especially in the state capitals from North and Northeast Brazil.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a adequação da utilização de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos provenientes da agricultura familiar no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nas capitais de estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal. Estudo descritivo, com análise de dados secundários obtidos na página eletrônica do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento para a Educação (FNDE) no espaço dedicado às informações sobre agricultura familiar. Foram investigados os valores repassados pelo FNDE e percentual utilizado na compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para aquisição de alimentação escolar em capitais dos estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal no período de 2011 a 2017. Os dados foram coletados em maio de 2019. Das 27 cidades avaliadas, cerca de um terço (33,3%) apresentou compra acima do mínimo recomendado (30%). A Região Norte cumpriu o recomendado (39,4%) enquanto a Sudeste apresentou a menor porcentagem de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, percebeu-se aumento nos valores totais investidos e no número de cidades compradoras de alimentos da agricultura familiar. Dentre as capitais avaliadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) foi a que mais utilizou recursos para a aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar (56,6%). Em 2017, as prefeituras de Boa Vista e Aracaju (Sergipe) ofereceram contrapartida financeira adicionada aos recursos fornecidos pelo FNDE para a compra desses alimentos. Concluiu-se que, no período de 2011 a 2017, apenas um terço das capitais avaliadas utilizou adequadamente a porcentagem de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar, embora tenha sido percebido aumento gradual na compra desses alimentos, especialmente nas capitais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil.

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la adecuación de la utilización de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos procedentes de la agricultura familiar, dentro del ámbito del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE), en capitales de estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con análisis de datos secundarios, obtenidos de la página electrónica del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo para la Educación (FNDE), dentro de la sección dedicada a la información sobre agricultura familiar. Se investigaron los valores proporcionados por el FNDE y el porcentaje destinado a la compra de alimentos de agricultura familiar para la adquisición en escuelas de capitales de estados brasileños, así como en el Distrito Federal, durante el período de 2011 a 2017. Los datos se recogieron en mayo de 2019. De las 27 ciudades evaluadas, cerca de un tercio (33,3%) presentó una compra por encima del mínimo recomendado (30%). La Región Norte cumplió lo recomendado (39,4%), mientras que la Sudeste presentó el menor porcentaje de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, se percibió un aumento en los valores totales invertidos y en el número de ciudades compradoras de alimentos procedentes de agricultura familiar. Entre las capitales evaluadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) fue la que más utilizó recursos para la adquisición de alimentos de agricultura familiar (56,6%). En 2017, los ayuntamientos de Boa Vista y Aracaju (Sergipe) ofrecieron una partida financiera adicional, además de los recursos proporcionados por el FNDE, para la compra de estos alimentos. Se concluye que, durante el período de 2011 a 2017, solamente un tercio de las capitales evaluadas utilizó adecuadamente el porcentaje de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos de la agricultura familiar, aunque se haya percibido un aumento gradual en la compra de estos alimentos, especialmente en las capitales del Norte y Nordeste de Brasil.

Alimentação escolar e agricultura familiar: análise de recursos empregados na compra de alimentos / School meals and family farming: analysis of funds spent in food purchases / Alimentación escolar y agricultura familiar: análisis de recursos empleados en la compra de alimentos

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a adequação da utilização de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos provenientes da agricultura familiar no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nas capitais de estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal. Estudo descritivo, com análise de dados secundários obtidos na página eletrônica do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento para a Educação (FNDE) no espaço dedicado às informações sobre agricultura familiar. Foram investigados os valores repassados pelo FNDE e percentual utilizado na compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para aquisição de alimentação escolar em capitais dos estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal no período de 2011 a 2017. Os dados foram coletados em maio de 2019. Das 27 cidades avaliadas, cerca de um terço (33,3%) apresentou compra acima do mínimo recomendado (30%). A Região Norte cumpriu o recomendado (39,4%) enquanto a Sudeste apresentou a menor porcentagem de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, percebeu-se aumento nos valores totais investidos e no número de cidades compradoras de alimentos da agricultura familiar. Dentre as capitais avaliadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) foi a que mais utilizou recursos para a aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar (56,6%). Em 2017, as prefeituras de Boa Vista e Aracaju (Sergipe) ofereceram contrapartida financeira adicionada aos recursos fornecidos pelo FNDE para a compra desses alimentos. Concluiu-se que, no período de 2011 a 2017, apenas um terço das capitais avaliadas utilizou adequadamente a porcentagem de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar, embora tenha sido percebido aumento gradual na compra desses alimentos, especialmente nas capitais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract: The study aimed to verify the adequacy of funds for food purchases from family farming in the scope of the National School Food Program (PNAE) in Brazil's state capitals and the Federal District. This was a descriptive study based on secondary data obtained from the webpage of the National Fund for the Development of Education (FNDE) in the link dedicated to information on family farming. We analyzed the amounts transferred to the FNDE and the percentage used in purchasing foods from family farmers for school meals in the state capitals and Federal District from 2011 to 2017. Data were collected in May 2019. One-third of the 27 cities (33.3%) reported purchases above the minimum recommended level (30%). The North of Brazil complied with the recommended level (39.4%), while the Southeast reported the lowest level (6.4%). There was an increase from 2011 to 2017 in the total amounts invested and in the number of cities that purchased foods from family farming. Boa Vista (Roraima) was the capital that spent the largest share of its school meal funds on foods produced by family farmers (56.6%). In 2017, the local governments in Boa Vista and Aracaju (Sergipe) offered matching funds for the funds transferred from the FNDE for these food purchases. In conclusion, from 2011 to 2017, only one-third of the capital cities adequately used the percentage of funds for purchasing foods from family farming, although there was a gradual increase in the purchase of these foods, especially in the state capitals from North and Northeast Brazil.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la adecuación de la utilización de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos procedentes de la agricultura familiar, dentro del ámbito del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE), en capitales de estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con análisis de datos secundarios, obtenidos de la página electrónica del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo para la Educación (FNDE), dentro de la sección dedicada a la información sobre agricultura familiar. Se investigaron los valores proporcionados por el FNDE y el porcentaje destinado a la compra de alimentos de agricultura familiar para la adquisición en escuelas de capitales de estados brasileños, así como en el Distrito Federal, durante el período de 2011 a 2017. Los datos se recogieron en mayo de 2019. De las 27 ciudades evaluadas, cerca de un tercio (33,3%) presentó una compra por encima del mínimo recomendado (30%). La Región Norte cumplió lo recomendado (39,4%), mientras que la Sudeste presentó el menor porcentaje de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, se percibió un aumento en los valores totales invertidos y en el número de ciudades compradoras de alimentos procedentes de agricultura familiar. Entre las capitales evaluadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) fue la que más utilizó recursos para la adquisición de alimentos de agricultura familiar (56,6%). En 2017, los ayuntamientos de Boa Vista y Aracaju (Sergipe) ofrecieron una partida financiera adicional, además de los recursos proporcionados por el FNDE, para la compra de estos alimentos. Se concluye que, durante el período de 2011 a 2017, solamente un tercio de las capitales evaluadas utilizó adecuadamente el porcentaje de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos de la agricultura familiar, aunque se haya percibido un aumento gradual en la compra de estos alimentos, especialmente en las capitales del Norte y Nordeste de Brasil.

Bauhinia forficata in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a patent review.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes Mellitus has been considered an epidemic by the World Health Organization, with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. The treatment of this pathology consists in glycemic control, which can be done by oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin therapy, dietary guidance, regular physical activity, and psychosocial support. In addition, other adjuvant treatments are employed, such as phytotherapic, and one of the most used plants is Bauhinia forficata. AREAS COVERED: In the current review, patents using Bauhinia forficata for the Diabetes Mellitus treatment have been analyzed. There were 03 patents in WIPO, 01 in Espacenet, 01 in USPTO, and 02 in INPI. EXPERT OPINION: Patents on the adjuvant treatment of Diabetes Mellitus by Bauhinia forficata are discussed. Although there are some phytotherapy products containing this medicinal plant which has hypoglycemic effect here is still a need for the development of more products based on natural resources, for the treatment of this pathology, without side effects and with other benefits, to assist in the glycemia control in diabetic patients, and to improve their quality of life.

Desenvolvimento de bolo enriquecido com farinha de quiabo (Hibiscus esculentus l) / Development of cake enriched with okra flour (Hibiscus esculentus l)

Entre os produtos de panificação, o bolo apresenta grande importância no Brasil, sendo que a principal farinha usada na sua preparação é a de trigo. Visando melhorar o valor nutritivo do bolo observou-se que o quiabo é uma importante fonte de nutrientes. Nesse contexto, objetivou- -se enriquecer um bolo com farinha de quiabo (FQ). Foram elaboradas três formulações de bolo (padrão, 10% e 15% de farinha de quiabo) e posteriormente realizaram-se os testes de Escala Hedônica e Pareado de Preferência. Foram determinados composição centesimal e vida de prateleira do bolo preferido. As duas formulações de bolos obtiveram boa aceitação, sendo a formulação com 10% de farinha de quiabo preferida. O bolo analisado apresentou teor de umidade de 33%, 1,82% de cinzas, 14,67 de lipídios, 3,57% de proteínas e 46,94 de carboidratos. Verificou-se vida de prateleira de cinco dias sob temperatura ambiente. Dessa forma o bolo elaborado com 10% de FQ mostrou-se como uma boa opção alimentar pois, além do alto valor nutritivo, o produto apresentou uma boa aceitação.(AU)

Among the baked goods, the cake is very important in Brazil. Aiming to improve the nutritive value of the cake It was observed that okra is an important source of α-tocopherol and minerals. In this context, it was enriched a cake with okra flour (CF). Two cake formulations were elaborated and the Hedonic and Pareto Preference tests were performed. Microbiological analysis and determination of shelf life. The work was submitted to the Ethics Committee. As two cakes formulations obtained good acceptance, being a preferred formulation A. Microbiological analysis of the cakes and the results obtained for total coliforms, molds and yeasts, as well as absence of Salmonella sp. Shelf life of 5 days was verified.

Overweight and obesity in preschoolers: Prevalence and relation to food consumption.

OBJECTIVE:: To determine overweight and obesity prevalence in preschool children from public education, and to determine their relation to food consumption. METHOD:: Cross-sectional study with children aged between 2 and 5 years, of both sexes, enrolled at municipal day care centers. Socioeconomic, demographic and anthropometric data were collected, in order to calculate the body mass index (BMI) for age. Data on food consumption were assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation were used at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS:: Of 548 children, 52% were male, with mean age of 4.2 years old. Most families had incomes between 1 and 2 minimum wages (59.7%), in addition to 10 years (mothers) of education. Anthropometric parameters did not differ significantly between sexes. According to the BMI-for-age, it was found that most of children were well-nourished (85.2%), 8.2% had the risk of becoming overweight, and 4.2% were overweight. The most consumed foods were: rice (100%), beans (99.4%), bread (98.5%), fruit (98.5%), red meat (97.1%), butter and margarine (95.4%), biscuits, cakes and sweet pies (94.1%), dairy products (94.1%), chocolate milk (91.7%), and soft drinks (90.2%). Consumed foods that were strongly correlated (r > 0.7) to the risk of/excess weight were, as follows: bread; biscuits, cakes, sweet pies; dairy products; chocolate milk; sausages. CONCLUSION:: There was low prevalence of overweight and absence of obesity among the population assessed. The risk of overweight was greater among girls. Data from the study showed deviations in food consumption.

Overweight and obesity in preschoolers: Prevalence and relation to food consumption / Excesso de peso e obesidade em pré-escolares: prevalência e relação com consumo alimentar

Summary Objective: To determine overweight and obesity prevalence in preschool children from public education, and to determine their relation to food consumption. Method: Cross-sectional study with children aged between 2 and 5 years, of both sexes, enrolled at municipal day care centers. Socioeconomic, demographic and anthropometric data were collected, in order to calculate the body mass index (BMI) for age. Data on food consumption were assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation were used at a significance level of 5%. Results: Of 548 children, 52% were male, with mean age of 4.2 years old. Most families had incomes between 1 and 2 minimum wages (59.7%), in addition to 10 years (mothers) of education. Anthropometric parameters did not differ significantly between sexes. According to the BMI-for-age, it was found that most of children were well-nourished (85.2%), 8.2% had the risk of becoming overweight, and 4.2% were overweight. The most consumed foods were: rice (100%), beans (99.4%), bread (98.5%), fruit (98.5%), red meat (97.1%), butter and margarine (95.4%), biscuits, cakes and sweet pies (94.1%), dairy products (94.1%), chocolate milk (91.7%), and soft drinks (90.2%). Consumed foods that were strongly correlated (r > 0.7) to the risk of/excess weight were, as follows: bread; biscuits, cakes, sweet pies; dairy products; chocolate milk; sausages. Conclusion: There was low prevalence of overweight and absence of obesity among the population assessed. The risk of overweight was greater among girls. Data from the study showed deviations in food consumption.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade em pré-escolares de instituições públicas de ensino e sua relação com consumo alimentar. Método: Estudo transversal com crianças de 2 a 5 anos, de ambos os sexos, atendidas em creches municipais. Coletaram-se dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e antropométricos, para cálculo do índice de massa corpórea (IMC) por idade. Os dados sobre consumo alimentar foram avaliados por meio de Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. Utilizaram-se os testes do χ2, Kruskal-Wallis, t de Student e correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Das 548 crianças, 52% eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 4,2 anos. A maioria das famílias apresentou renda entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos (59,7%) e escolaridade materna de 10 anos. Os parâmetros antropométricos não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os sexos. Segundo o IMC/I, verificou-se que a maioria das crianças estava eutrófica (85,2%); 8,2%, com risco de excesso de peso; 4,2%, com excesso de peso. Os alimentos mais consumidos foram: arroz (100%), feijão (99,4%), pães (98,5%), frutas (98,5%), carne vermelha (97,1%), manteiga e margarina (95,4%), bolachas, bolos, tortas doces (94,1%), leite e derivados (94,1%), achocolatado (91,7%) e refrigerantes (90,2%). Os alimentos consumidos que apresentaram forte correlação (r > 0,7) com o risco/excesso de peso foram: pães; bolachas, bolos, tortas doces; leite e derivados; achocolatados e embutidos. Conclusão: Observaram-se baixa prevalência de excesso de peso e ausência de obesidade entre o público pesquisado. O risco de excesso de peso foi maior entre as meninas. O estudo mostrou desvios no consumo alimentar.

Impact of the two different iron fortified cookies on treatment of anemia in preschool children in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional intervention in pre-school children using cookies prepared with wheat flour enriched with iron and folic acid (CWFFeFA) and cookies prepared with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) flour fortified with iron and zinc and wheat flour enriched with iron and folic acid (CCFFeZn + WFFeFA). OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the ingestion of CWFFeFA and CCFFeZn + WFFeFA by pre-school children, using the cowpea variety BRS-Xiquexique, to control iron-deficiency anaemia. METHODS: Nutritional intervention was conducted in municipal day care centres selected at random (n = 262) involving pre-school children aged 2 to 5 years living in Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. To assess the socioeconomic data, BMI-for-age, haemoglobin levels before and after intervention, and dietary intake, the children were divided into group 1 (G1), which received CWFFeFA (30 g), and group 2 (G2), which received CCFFeZn + WFFeFA (30 g). Food acceptance was evaluated daily. RESULTS: The prevalence of anaemia in G1 and G2 before the nutritional intervention was 12.2% (n = 18) and 11.5% (n = 30), respectively. After intervention, the prevalence decreased to 1.4% in G1 (n = 2) and to 4.2% in G2 (n = 11). Food acceptance by pre-school children in G1 and G2 was 97.4% and 94.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of both types of cookie formulations decreased the prevalence of anaemia among pre-school children, and CCFFeZn + WFFeFA yielded the greatest decrease.

Consumo de alimentos funcionais por usuários de self services / Functional food consumption by self-service users

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o consumo de alimentos funcionais por usuários de self services. As variáveis demográficas e sociais estudadas foram sexo, idade, escolaridade e renda familiar. Foram pesquisados em quatro restaurantes, 146 usuários, com idade entre 18 e 59 anos, por meio de um Questionário de Freqüência de Consumo de Alimentos Funcionais (QFCAF), validado em estudo piloto, no segundo semestre de 2009. Houve predomínio de mulheres (78%) em relação aos homens (22%) pesquisados nos restaurantes. O grau de escolaridade dos usuários variou do primeiro grau ao nível superior, havendo uma predominância sobre o nível superior (65%) em todos os restaurantes. Com relação ao nível salarial, verificou-se que a maioria (37,3%) dos participantes da pesquisa possuía renda superior a três (3) salários mínimos nos self services, enquanto que apenas 11% estavam na classe da população de baixa renda, menor que um (1) salário mínimo. Com relação ao consumo de alimentos funcionais as preparações mais consumidas foram aquelas que tinham como ingrediente funcional o feijão, a cenoura, o tomate, a alface (americana, crespa e roxa), o pepino, o repolho, pimentão (vermelho e verde), a rúcula, o azeite de oliva e o vinagre balsâmico. Apesar da diversificação na oferta de preparações com alimentos funcionais, houve pouca demanda para essas preparações, haja vista a pouca variedade de hortaliças consumidas e o consumo inexpressivo de frutas, peixes e ovos. Isso evidencia a necessidade de trabalhos educativos e interventivos visando aumentar o consumo desses alimentos funcionais, para auxiliar na prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde.

The object of this study was to investigate the consumption of functional foods by self-service customers. The demografic and social variations studied were sex, age, level of study and income. The study was conducted in four restaurants, and the researched group were 146 consumers aged between 18 and 59 years old, who answered a Questionnaire of Frequency of Comsumption of Functional Foods (QFCA), validated by a pilot study in the second semester of 2009.There were the predominance of women (78%) over men (28%) researched in the restaurants. The level of study varied from elementar school to higher education, but the predominance was higher education level (65%) in all restaurants. In relation to income, most of the researched group (37,3%) had their income above 3 minimum wage salaries, and only 11% received less than minimum wage. In relation to the consumption of functional foods, the most consumed were beans, carrots, tomatoes, lettuce (iceberg, greenleaf and red-leaf), cucumber, cabbage, papper (red and green), rocket leafs, olive and balsamic vinegar. Although there was a diversification in the preparation of the functional foods, there was a small demand for them, as it was seen in the small variety of vegetables consumed and inexpressive consumption of fruits, fish and eggs. It demonstrates the need of educational and interventionist work to increase the consumption of these functional foods, to help prevent diseases and promote health.

Impact of the two different iron fortified cookies on treatment of anemia in preschool children in Brazil / Impacto de dos galletas diferentes enriquecidas con hierro en el tratamiento de la anemia en niños en edad preescolar en Brasil

Introduction: Nutritional intervention in pre-school children using cookies prepared with wheat flour enriched with iron and folic acid (CWFFeFA) and cookies prepared with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) fl our fortified with iron and zinc and wheat flour enriched with iron and folic acid (CCFFeZn + WFFeFA). Objective: To assess the impact of the ingestion of CWFFeFA and CCFFeZn + WFFeFA by pre-school children, using the cowpea variety BRS-Xiquexique, to control iron-deficiency anaemia. Methods: Nutritional intervention was conducted in municipal day care centres selected at random (n = 262) involving pre-school children aged 2 to 5 years living in Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil. To assess the socioeconomic data, BMI-for-age, haemoglobin levels before and after intervention, and dietary intake, the children were divided into group 1 (G1), which received CWFFeFA (30 g), and group 2 (G2), which received CCFFeZn + WFFeFA (30 g). Food acceptance was evaluated daily. Results: The prevalence of anaemia in G1 and G2 before the nutritional intervention was 12.2% (n = 18) and 11.5% (n = 30), respectively. After intervention, the prevalence decreased to 1.4% in G1 (n = 2) and to 4.2% in G2 (n = 11). Food acceptance by pre-school children in G1 and G2 was 97.4% and 94.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The use of both types of cookie formulations decreased the prevalence of anaemia among pre-school children, and CCFFeZn + WFFeFA yielded the greatest decrease (AU)

Introducción: intervención nutricional en niños en edad preescolar con dos galletas: galletas de harina de trigo enriquecidas con hierro y ácido fólico (BFTF) y galletas con harina de feijão-caupi, biofortificados con zinc y hierro, y harina de trigo enriquecida con hierro y ácido fólico (BFFCb + FTF). Objetivo: evaluar el impacto del consumo de galletas a base de harina de trigo fortifi cada con hierro y ácido fólico y de galletas enriquecidas con harina de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) variedad BRS-Xiquexique, biofortificados con hierro y zinc, por los preescolares para controlar la anemia ferropriva. Métodos: intervención en guarderías municipales seleccionados aleatoriamente (n = 262), niños en edad preescolar de 2 a 5 años en Teresina, Brasil. Con el fi n de evaluar los datos socioeconómicos, o IMC para la edad y exámenes de hemoglobina antes y después de la intervención, y el consumo de alimentos se dividen en grupos: grupo 1 (G1) recibió el BFTF (30 g) y el grupo 2 (G2), que recibió el BFFCb + FTF (30 g); analizar la aceptación diaria de galletas. Resultados: la prevalencia de anemia antes de la intervención en los grupos G1 y G2 fue de 12,2% (n = 18) y 11,5% (n = 30), respectivamente. Después de la intervención en el G1 se redujo a 1,4% (n = 2) y en el G2 a 4,2% (n = 11). La aceptación de las galletas por los niños en edad preescolar en G1 y G2 fue del 97,4% y 94,3%, respectivamente. Conclusión: el uso de dos galletas disminuyó la prevalencia de anemia en niños preescolares, destacándose que en la BFFCb+FTF hubo una mayor reducción (AU)

Análise da situação vacinal de crianças pré-escolares em Teresina (PI) / Analysis of vaccination status of preschool children in Teresina (PI), Brazil

RESUMO: Introdução: A imunização é ação prioritária do Ministério da Saúde por contribuir substancialmente para a redução da mortalidade infantil. Porém, estudos mostram aumento de atrasos vacinais. Objetivo: Este estudo objetiva analisar a situação vacinal de crianças pré-escolares em Teresina - PI. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo seccional envolvendo 542 crianças de 2 a 6 anos, matriculadas na rede pública municipal de ensino em quatro Centros de Educação Infantil, escolhidos aleatoriamente, obedecendo a divisão proporcional por regiões da cidade. Procedeu-se com entrevista, utilizando-se formulário pré-codificado e pré-testado, além da digitalização da caderneta de vacina. Para análise estatística descritiva univariada, aplicou-se o Teste do χ2 de Pearson e Teste Exato de Fisher e, para análise múltipla, procedeu-se com regressão logística múltipla, utilizando o aplicativo SPSS versão 17.0. O estudo obedeceu aos aspectos éticos, em conformidade com a legislação vigente. Resultados: A taxa de atraso vacinal/não vacinação foi de 24,9%. A média de vacinas não administradas foi de 1,7 (± 1,2) e a de vacinas atrasadas foi de 3,3 (± 1,6). O modelo de regressão logística revelou associação significativa (p < 0,05) entre cuidadores jovens (até 24 anos) e baixa frequência em consulta de puericultura com atraso vacinal/não vacinação. Não houve associação com as variáveis relacionadas à vivência das crianças na sala de vacina e com a atuação da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Conclusão: A garantia e fortalecimento das ações de atenção básica são ferramentas imprescindíveis para reduzir atrasos e não vacinação. Os profissionais das salas de vacina precisam estar sensibilizados a fim de orientar e estimular os pais/cuidadores a cumprirem os esquemas vacinais sem atrasos ou equívocos.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Immunization is a priority action of the Ministry of Health for contributing to reducing child mortality; however, studies show increased vaccination delays and non-vaccination. Objective: This study aims to analyze the immunization status of preschool children in Teresina - PI. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 542 children, aged 2-6 years, enrolled in local public schools in four Municipal Childhood Education Centers selected at random, following the proportional division by regions of the city. Data were collected through a pre-coded and pre-tested form, in addition to scanning the children's vaccination card. For univariate descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson's χ2 Test and Fisher's Exact Test were used, and for multivariate analysis, multiple logistic regression was conducted using SPSS version 17.0. The study complied with the ethical aspects in accordance with current legislation. Results: The frequency of delayed vaccination/non-vaccination was 24.9%. The average of non-administered vaccines was 1.7 (SD ± 1.2) and of delayed vaccines was 3.3 (SD ± 1.6). The binomial logistic regression model showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between young caregivers (under 24 years) and low frequency in childcare consultations with delayed vaccination/non-vaccination. There was no association with the variables related to the experience of children in the vaccination room and with the implementation of the Family Health Strategy. Conclusion: Ensuring and strengthening primary healthcare actions are essential tools to reduce non-vaccination and vaccine delays. Professionals who care for children in vaccination rooms need to sensitize themselves to guide and encourage parents/caregivers to meet the vaccination schedules without delays or errors.

Excesso de peso e obesidade em pré-escolares e a prática de atividade física / Overweight and obesity in preschool children and physical activity

A obesidade caracteriza-se pelo excesso de gordura corporal em relação à massa magra. Trata-se de uma doença, determinada por fatores genéticos, comportamentais, ambientais e culturais. Atualmente acomete também o público infantil, com complicações metabólicas cada vez maiores para essa faixa etária. Assim, realizou-se a presente pesquisa com o objetivo de conhecer a prevalência do excesso de peso e obesidade em pré-escolares em escola da rede privada de ensino de Teresina-PI e sua relação com a prática de atividade física. O estudo foi do tipo transversal, descritivo, tendo como amostra 403 pré-escolares, matriculados em escola da rede privada de Teresina-PI. Foi realizada avaliação antropométrica, para obtenção dos valores do Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC, foram coletados também os dados socioeconômicos, dados sobre a criança, como: peso ao nascer, peso atual e estado de saúde, e informações sobre a prática de atividade física dos pré-escolares. Os resultados demonstraram que 60,1% dos pré-escolares estavam dentro dos padrões normais e 1,2% com magreza. O risco de excesso de peso apresentou-se em 20,8% da população, enquanto o excesso de peso em 5,2% e a obesidade, em 12,7% do total de indivíduos que participaram do estudo. Observou-se uma forte correlação entre os pré-escolares com menor tempo de atividade física semanal e o risco de excesso de peso (0,879), excesso de peso (0,734) e obesidade (0,712), apresentando significância estatística (p = 0,001). Concluiu-se que os pré-escolares, na sua maioria, estavam dentro dos padrões normais, apesar de apresentarem valores para excesso de peso e obesidade. Além disso, foi possível observar que quanto menor a prática de atividade física, maior a correlação com o excesso de peso e obesidade.(AU)

Obesity is characterized by excess body fat in relation to lean body mass. Treatment is a disease, determined by genetic, behavioral, environmental and cultural factors. Currently also affects younger audiences with metabolic complications increasing for this age group. Thus, this research was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool private network of Teresina-PI school and its relationship to physical activity. The study was cross, descriptive, and a sample of 403 preschool children enrolled in private school in Teresina-PI. Anthropometric assessment was carried out to obtain the values of body mass index - BMI, were also collected socioeconomic data, data about the child, such as birth weight, current weight and health status, and information about physical activity of preschoolers. The results showed that 60.1% of preschool children were within the normal range and 1.2% with thinness. The risk of overweight performed in 20.8% of the population, while the overweight in 5.2% and obesity in 12.7% of individuals who participated in the study. There was a strong correlation between preschoolers with shorter weekly physical activity and the risk of overweight (0.879), overweight (0.734) and obesity (0.712), with statistical significance (p = 0.001). It was concluded that the preschool, mostly, were within normal standards, despite showing values for overweight and obesity. Furthermore, it was observed that the smaller the physical activity, the greater the correlation with overweight and obesity.(AU)

Relationship between C -reactive protein and other cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic individ alsa / Relação entre a proteína C reativa e os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) and markers of cardiovascular risk in hypercholesterolemic adults of differing nutritional status. Methods: Forty-six hypercholesterolemic subjects (7 men: 30 to 70 years; 39 women: 45 to 70 years) with total cholesterol >240 mg/dL were studied. Anthropometric variables (weight, height, and waist and hip circumference) were measured, as well as us-CRP, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triglycerides, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B, glucose and fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) of insulin resistance. Spearman correlations and multiple linear regression analysis were performed at a level of significance of 5%. Results: Plasma levels of triglycerides, VLDL-C, glucose, HDL-C and us-CRP were higher in overweight subjects (p<0.05). Ultrasensitive CRP was positively correlated with body mass index (r=0.32) and hip circumference (r=0.30), as well as with TC (r=0.33), apolipoprotein B (r=0.36) and glucose (r=0.42). Regression analysis showed that us-CRP concentration was positively associated with TC, glucose, and waist-hip ratio. These parameters explained 41% of the variability in us-CRP. Conclusion: Obese individuals present a higher concentration of us-CRP, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and VLDL-C. Excess weight is associated with us-CRP, a finding highlighting the importance of this biomarker for the detection of individuals at cardiovascular risk.

Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a proteína C reativa ultrasensível (PCR-us) e os marcadores clássicos de risco cardiovascular em adultos hipercolesterolêmicos em diferentes estados nutricionais. Métodos: Amostra de 46 indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos (7 homens: 30 a 70 anos e 39 mulheres: 45 a 70 anos) com colesterol total (CT) >240 mg/dL. Realizou-se determinações antropométricas como peso, altura, circunferência da cintura (CC) e do quadril (CQ), além de medidas plasmáticas de PCR-us, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, triglicerídeos (TG), apolipoproteína AI (Apo AI), apolipoproteína B (Apo B), glicose e insulina de jejum e HOMA-IR. Realizou-se correlações de Spearman e análise de regressão linear múltipla ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os níveis plasmáticos de TG, VLDL-C, glicose, HDL-C e PCR-us foram maiores em indivíduos com sobrepeso (p<0,05). A PCR-us foi positivamente correlacionada com o índice de massa corporal (r=0,32) e com a CQ (r=0,30), bem como com o CT (r=0,33), Apo B (r=0,36) e glicose (r=0,42). A análise de regressão mostrou que a concentração de PCR-us foi positivamente associada ao CT, glicose e razão cintura-quadril. Esses parâmetros explicam a variabilidade da PCR-us em 41%. Conclusão: Os indivíduos obesos têm maior concentração plasmática de PCR-us, glicose, TG e VLDL-C. O excesso de peso está correlacionado com a PCR-us, mostrando a importância deste biomarcador para triagem de indivíduos de risco cardiovascular.

Analysis of vaccination status of preschool children in Teresina (PI), Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Immunization is a priority action of the Ministry of Health for contributing to reducing child mortality; however, studies show increased vaccination delays and non-vaccination. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the immunization status of preschool children in Teresina - PI. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 542 children, aged 2-6 years, enrolled in local public schools in four Municipal Childhood Education Centers selected at random, following the proportional division by regions of the city. Data were collected through a pre-coded and pre-tested form, in addition to scanning the children's vaccination card. For univariate descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson's χ2 Test and Fisher's Exact Test were used, and for multivariate analysis, multiple logistic regression was conducted using SPSS version 17.0. The study complied with the ethical aspects in accordance with current legislation. RESULTS: The frequency of delayed vaccination/non-vaccination was 24.9%. The average of non-administered vaccines was 1.7 (SD ± 1.2) and of delayed vaccines was 3.3 (SD ± 1.6). The binomial logistic regression model showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between young caregivers (under 24 years) and low frequency in childcare consultations with delayed vaccination/non-vaccination. There was no association with the variables related to the experience of children in the vaccination room and with the implementation of the Family Health Strategy. CONCLUSION: Ensuring and strengthening primary healthcare actions are essential tools to reduce non-vaccination and vaccine delays. Professionals who care for children in vaccination rooms need to sensitize themselves to guide and encourage parents/caregivers to meet the vaccination schedules without delays or errors.

Anemia in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional panel study of public health care centers of municipalities in the five Brazilian regions was conducted. Retrospective data were obtained from 12,119 medical records of pregnant women distributed in two groups: before fortification (delivery prior to June 2004) and after fortification (date of last period after June 2005). Anemia was defined as Hb<11.0 g/dl. Hb levels according to gestational age were assessed using two references from the literature. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-squared tests, Student's t tests, and logistic regression, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In the total sample, prevalence of anemia fell from 25% to 20% after fortification (p<0.001). However, important regional differences were evident: while significant reductions were seen in the Northeast (37% to 29%) and North (32% to 25%) regions, where pre-fortification prevalence was high, smaller reductions were seen in the Southeast (18% to 15%) and South (7% to 6%) regions, where prevalence was low. Hb levels according to gestational age were slightly higher in the first months of pregnancy and lower after the third or fourth months, depending on the reference used. Logistic regression analysis showed that group, geographic region, marital status, trimester of pregnancy, initial nutritional status, and prior pregnancy were associated with anemia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of anemia decreased after fortification, but remains high in the North and Northeast regions. Although fortification may have played a role in this favorable outcome, the contribution of other public policies implemented during the studied period should also be considered.

Anemia em gestantes brasileiras antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro / Anemia in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron / Anemia en gestantes brasileñas antes y después de la fortificación de harinas con hierro

OBJETIVO: Comparar prevalência de anemia e valores de hemoglobina (Hb) em gestantes brasileiras, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro. MÉTODOS: Estudo de avaliação de painéis repetidos, desenvolvido em serviços públicos de saúde de municípios das cinco regiões brasileiras. Dados retrospectivos foram obtidos de 12.119 prontuários de gestantes distribuídas em dois grupos: antes da fortificação, com parto anterior a junho de 2004, e após a fortificação, com última menstruação após junho de 2005. Anemia foi definida como Hb < 11,0 g/dL. Valores de Hb/idade gestacional foram avaliados segundo dois referenciais da literatura. Foram utilizados teste qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão logística, com nível de 5 por cento de significância. RESULTADOS: Na amostra total, anemia caiu de 25 por cento para 20 por cento após fortificação (p < 0,001), com médias de Hb significativamente maiores no grupo "após" (p < 0,001). Observaram-se, entretanto, diferenças regionais importantes: reduções significativas nas regiões Nordeste (37 por cento para 29 por cento) e Norte (32 por cento para 25 por cento), onde as prevalências de anemia eram elevadas antes da fortificação, e reduções menores nas regiões Sudeste (18 por cento para 15 por cento) e Sul (7 por cento para 6 por cento), onde as prevalências eram baixas. Os níveis de Hb/idade gestacional de ambos os grupos se mostraram discretamente mais elevados nos primeiros meses, porém bem mais baixos após o terceiro ou quarto mês, dependendo da referência utilizada para comparação. Análise de regressão logística mostrou que grupo, região geográfica, situação conjugal, trimestre gestacional, estado nutricional inicial e gestação anterior associaram-se com anemia (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de anemia diminuiu após a fortificação, porém continua elevada nas regiões Nordeste e Norte. Embora a fortificação possa ter tido papel nesse resultado favorável, há que se considerar a contribuição de outras políticas públicas implementadas no período estudado.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional panel study of public health care centers of municipalities in the five Brazilian regions was conducted. Retrospective data were obtained from 12,119 medical records of pregnant women distributed in two groups: before fortification (delivery prior to June 2004) and after fortification (date of last period after June 2005). Anemia was defined as Hb<11.0 g/dl. Hb levels according to gestational age were assessed using two references from the literature. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-squared tests, Student's t tests, and logistic regression, with a significance level of 5 percent. RESULTS: In the total sample, prevalence of anemia fell from 25 percent to 20 percent after fortification (p<0.001). However, important regional differences were evident: while significant reductions were seen in the Northeast (37 percent to 29 percent) and North (32 percent to 25 percent) regions, where pre-fortification prevalence was high, smaller reductions were seen in the Southeast (18 percent to 15 percent) and South (7 percent to 6 percent) regions, where prevalence was low. Hb levels according to gestational age were slightly higher in the first months of pregnancy and lower after the third or fourth months, depending on the reference used. Logistic regression analysis showed that group, geographic region, marital status, trimester of pregnancy, initial nutritional status, and prior pregnancy were associated with anemia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of anemia decreased after fortification, but remains high in the North and Northeast regions. Although fortification may have played a role in this favorable outcome, the contribution of other public policies implemented during the studied period should also be considered.

OBJETIVO: Comparar prevalencia de anemia y valores de hemoglobina (Hb) en gestantes brasileñas, antes y después de la fortificación de las harinas con hierro. MÉTODOS: Estudio de evaluación de paneles repetidos, desarrollado en servicios públicos de salud de municipios de las cinco regiones brasileñas. Datos retrospectivos se obtuvieron de 12.119 prontuarios de gestantes distribuidas en dos grupos: antes de la fortificación, con parto anterior a junio de 2004, y posterior a la fortificación, con última menstruación después de junio 2005. Anemia fue definida como Hb<11,0 g/dL. Valores de Hb/edad gestacional fueron evaluados según dos referenciales de la literatura. Se utilizaron prueba de chi-cuadrado, t de Student y regresión logística, con nivel de 5 por ciento de significancia. RESULTADOS: En la muestra total, anemia disminuyó de 25 por ciento a 20 por ciento después de la fortificación (p<0,001), con promedios de Hb significativamente mayores en el grupo "posterior" (p<0,001). Se observaron, sin embargo, diferencias regionales importantes: reducciones significativas en las regiones Noreste (de 37 por ciento a 29 por ciento) y Norte (de 32 por ciento a 25 por ciento), donde las prevalencias de anemia eran elevadas antes de la fortificación; y reducciones menores en las regiones Sureste (de 18 por ciento a 15 por ciento) y Sur (de 7 por ciento a 6 por ciento), donde las prevalencias eran bajas. Los niveles de Hb/edad gestacional de ambos grupos se mostraron discretamente mas elevados en los primeros meses, aunque mucho mas bajos posterior al tercero o cuarto mes, dependiendo de la referencia utilizada para comparación. Análisis de regresión logística mostró cual grupo, región geográfica, situación conyugal, trimestre gestacional, estado nutricional inicial y gestación anterior se asociaron con anemia (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de anemia disminuyó posterior a la fortificación, aunque continua elevada en las regiones Noreste y Norte. A pesar de que la fortificación pueda haber tenido papel en este resultado favorable, hay que considerar la contribución de otras políticas públicas implementadas en el periodo estudiado.

Fortificação das farinhas com ferro e controle da anemia em gestantes de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil / Fortification of flours with iron and control of anemia in pregnant women in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil

OBJETIVO Comparar níveis de hemoglobina e ocorrência de anemia em gestantes antes e depois da fortificação das farinhas e caracterizar a prática alimentar de gestantes usuárias atuais dos serviços. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal que analisou dados de hemoglobina de gestantes atendidas em dois serviços públicos de maior demanda pré-natal do Município de Teresina, Piauí. Os dados foram obtidos de 854 prontuários de gestantes distribuídas em dois grupos: não fortificado (427 gestantes com parto anterior a junho/2004) e fortificado (427 gestantes com data da última menstruação posterior a junho/2005). Gestantes com nível de hemoglobina <11,0g/dL foram consideradas anêmicas. O consumo alimentar foi analisado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo. RESULTADOS Níveis médios de hemoglobina aumentaram significativamente de 11,7g/dL, DP=1,2 para 12,4g/dL, DP=1,3 (p<0,001) após a fortificação. A prevalência de anemia caiu de 27,2 por cento no grupo não fortificado para 11,5 por cento no grupo fortificado (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO Houve melhora significativa no quadro de anemia após a fortificação das farinhas, o que sugere que a intervenção foi efetiva no controle da deficiência de ferro, porém o estudo não permite atribuir tal resultado apenas à implantação dessa medida, embora análise da prática alimentar tenha mostrado que as gestantes de Teresina (PI) apresentaram condição diferenciada de alimentação, com consumo frequente de fontes naturais de ferro e de facilitadores de sua absorção, além de alimentos fortificados.

OBJECTIVE This study compared the hemoglobin levels and the occurrence of anemia in pregnant women before and after the fortification of flours and characterized the eating habits of pregnant women who currently use the service. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed the hemoglobin data of pregnant women seen by two public services with greater prenatal demand in the city of Teresina, Piauí. The data were obtained from 854 medical records of the women distributed into two groups: not fortified (427 women who would deliver before June 2004) and fortified (427 women whose last menstruation was after June 2005). Women with a hemoglobin level <11.0g/dL were considered anemic. Food intake was analyzed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Mean hemoglobin levels increased significantly from 11.7g/dL, SD=1.2, to 12.4g/dL, SD=1.3 (p<0.001) after fortification. The prevalence of anemia decreased from 27.2 percent in the non-fortified group to 11.5 percent in the fortified group (p<0,001). CONCLUSION Anemia improved significantly after fortification of the flours, suggesting that the intervention effectively controlled iron deficiency. However, it is not possible to attribute the improved iron levels on this measure alone, even though analysis of their eating habits showed that pregnant women from Teresina (PI) presented unusual food habits, with frequent consumption of natural iron sources and foods that facilitate its absorption, in addition to the fortified foods.

Teores de minerais de paçoquinhas elaboradas com matérias-primas regionais alternativas / Mineral contents of tradicional candy paçoquinha prepared alternative regional raw materials

Os teores de minerais de formulações de paçoquinha à base de matérias-primas regionais alternativas do Nordeste Brasileiro (farinha de castanha de caju, farinha de mandioca, fubá de milho, rapadura, e mel), foram determinados e comparados com os das paçocas de amendoim existentes no mercado. Foram preparadas paçoquinhas com fígado bovino (FB) em diferentes concentrações e formulações sem fígado bovino (PIFB). Os teores de minerais foram analisados por espectrometria de emissão óptica em plasma com acoplamento indutivo. Os valores obtidos (mg/100 g) em produtos com 5%, 7,5% e 10% de FB foram, respectivamente: Mg (112,5; 112,0; 111,0); Mn (1,10;1,13; 1,06); P (299; 315; 321) Fe (4,0; 4,75; 4,59); Na(378, 369; 361); Zn (3,24; 3,4; 3,4); Se (0,1; 0,1; 0,1); e nos produtos PIFB, Mg (111,0); Mn (1,10); P (278,0);Fe (4,1); Na (346,0); Zn (2,85). Paçoquinhas com 5% de FB apresentaram maiores teores de Na, P, Zn e Se,do que PIFB. Paçoquinhas de 5% de FB e PIFB demonstraram maiores teores de Mg, P, Fe, Na, K, Cu, Zn, em relação às de amendoim das Tabelas de Composição Química dos Alimentos Nacionais. Paçoquinhas elaboradas com matérias primas regionais apresentam viabilidade de produção pelos teores mais elevados de minerais do que de amendoim.

Prática alimentar no primeiro ano de vida de crianças atendidas pelo Serviço Público de Saúde no Município de Teresina-PI / Food practice in the first year of life on children attended by the Public Health Service in the municipal district of Teresina-PI

This study was carried out to depict the feeding habits of children assisted by the public health services in the city of Teresina-PI in their first year of life. The data were collected from April to August 2001 in the three biggest infant health centers. During the interview with a nutritionist, a form with the identification data was filled out. The children's feeding habits were surveyed with the their mothers or people responsible for them through a form in which there was a list of the most frequently consumed foods in the first year of life. For each kind of food listed, the answer concerning the consumption was "yes" or "no". The results showed that the period of exclusive breastfeeding was very short. Water and teas with sugar were introduced into the children's feeding at a very early age. About 30.4% of the infants started having suchdrinks before the age of one month, but the first step to the weaning process came out with the introduction of cow's milk. The study showed that 66.6% of the infants were fed with cow's milk before the fourth month of age, where as other foods like fruit juices and vegetables were also offered. Nevertheless, the prevalence of breastfeeding was significantly bigger than that verified among infants assisted in other public health centers in Brazil. The results allow to conclude that the introduction of other kinds of milk and other non-dairy foods in the children's diet occurred at a very early age in the population studied. Also, it was concluded that the prevalence of anemia was high among infants in the first six months of life, (Hb<11,0g/dL), and bigger among those feeding only cow's milk or human milk together with cow's milk

Este estudio describe la práctica alimenticia en niños de 0 a 12 meses de edad atendidos por la red de salud de la municipalidad de Teresina-PI.La investigación fue realizada entre Abril y Agosto de 2001, en los tres principales locales de atención infantil. Los datos de identificación de los niños fueron cogidos por el nutricionista en el consultorio de lactancia materna. La práctica alimenticia fue registrada por los investigadores por medio de un cuestionario, en entrevista con las madres o responsables. El cuestionario contenía los alimentos más comunes durante el primer año de vida y la respuesta al consumo era "si" o "no". Los resultados indican que la lactancia materna exclusiva es corta, prematuramente pasó a ser complementado con agua y te azucarados. Aproximadamente 30,4% de los niños comenzaban esta práctica antes de completar un mes de vida, pero el primer paso para el destetese dio con la introducción de leche de vaca. El estudio muestra que 66,6% de los niños recibió leche de vaca antes del cuarto mes de vida, con ofrecimiento simultáneo de otros alimentos como jugos, frutas y legumbres. Si bien la lactancia materna fue significativamente mayor que la observada en otros servicios públicos de salud de Brasil, los resultados muestran que todavía la introducción de otras leches y de alimentos no lácteos ocurre prematuramente en la población examinada. Se concluye también una prevalencia elevada de anemia en niños menores de seis meses (Hb<11,0 g/dL), la cual es mayor entre los que ingieren leche de vaca como único alimento lácteo o alternado con lactancia materna

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar a prática alimentar em crianças com idades entre zero e 12 meses, atendidas pela rede pública de saúde em Teresina, PI. Os dados foram coletados, no período de abril a agosto de 2001, nos três maiores centros de atendimento à criança. Os dados de identificação foram preenchidos durante o atendimento do nutricionista, no Consultório de Aleitamento Materno. A prática alimentar, no momento da entrevista com as mães ou responsáveis, foi obtida por meio de formulário preenchido pelos pesquisadores. No formulário, constavam os alimentos mais utilizados no primeiro ano devida. Para cada alimento listado, a resposta quanto ao consumo foi "sim" ou "não". Os resultados indicaram que a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo foi curta. Muito precocemente, o aleitamento exclusivo passou a predominante com a oferta de água e chás adoçados. Aproximadamente 30,4% das crianças iniciaram essa prática antes de completar um mês de vida, porém, o primeiro passo para o desmame ocorreu com a introdução do leite de vaca. O estudo mostrou que 66,6% das crianças receberam leite de vaca antes dos quatro meses de idade, considerando-se que outros alimentos, como sucos, frutas e legumes também foram oferecidos. Mesmo assim, a prevalência de aleitamento materno foi significativamente maior do que a encontrada entre lactentes atendidos em outros serviços públicos de saúde do Brasil. Os resultados permitem concluir que a introdução de outros leites e de alimentos não lácteos no esquema alimentar ocorreu precocemente na amostra estudada. Também, pode-se concluir que a prevalência de anemia foi elevada entre as crianças menores de 6 meses (Hb<11,0g/dL) e maior entre as que ingeriam leite de vaca como único alimento lácteo, ou que estavam em aleitamento misto (leite materno e leite de vaca)